The Spanish word 'joder' comes from Medieval Spanish 'hoder', which developed from Old Spanish 'foder'. This traces back to Vulgar Latin '*futere', a simplified form of Classical Latin 'futuere', meaning 'to copulate'. Over time, the word underwent several phonetic changes: the Latin 'f' eventually became 'h' and later 'j' in Spanish (a common sound change pattern in Spanish), while the meaning expanded from its original sexual connotation to also include the more general sense of 'to bother' or 'to annoy' in modern Spanish.

Due to the vulgar nature of this word and its specific etymology, there aren't many commonly used, non-vulgar Spanish words that share its etymological root.

While there are some English words that ultimately derive from the same Indo-European root, they are generally considered vulgar or offensive, so it's best to focus on learning the modern Spanish usage of 'joder' as meaning 'to bother' or 'to annoy' in casual contexts.