A flip-flop or backless sandal
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Chancleta means flip-flop and is just chancla0 (backless sandal0) with a diminutive suffix1 (-eta1). In practice, chancla and chancleta often mean the same thing.
chancleta
flip-flop, sandal, thong
A backless sandal or flip-flop, typically worn at the beach or at home.
Dejé mis chancletas en la playa y tuve que caminar descalzoI left my flip-flops at the beach and had to walk barefoot
Siempre uso chancletas en casa para estar cómodoI always wear sandals at home to be comfortable
baby girl, girl (colloquial, Latin America)
Used colloquially to refer to a newborn girl or young girl. Historically, newborn girls were compared to cheap, disposable chancletas as male children were preferred to female ones.
¡Les llegó una chancleta! ¿Cómo la van a llamar?They had a baby girl! What are they going to name her?

gas pedal, accelerator (colloquial, Colombia & Venezuela)
Slang for a car's gas pedal, which looks like the bottom of a chancleta.
Pisa la chancleta o vamos a llegar tardeStep on the gas or we're going to be late